An examination of the role of working memory demands on objectively measured motor activity in adult ADHD, GAD, and healthy control groups
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University of Alabama
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurocognitive
disorder characterized by problems with attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. While
previously considered a childhood disorder, recent research indicates that currently 4 to
5% of the adult population meets diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Furthermore, the
presence of ADHD in adulthood has been associated with a number of negative outcomes
such as a lower socioeconomic status, increased risk for substance abuse, traffic
violations, and workplace difficulties. Hyperactivity is the primary reason for clinical
referrals and is an important symptom in distinguishing ADHD subtype classifications.
Additionally, hyperactive behaviors are associated with the most severe lifelong
impairment due to their disruptive nature. Most notably, excessive hyperactive behavior
is predictive of criminal activity in adulthood. The functional WM model of ADHD
suggests that biological factors such as genetics influence the neurobiological system of
WM and result in impaired CE functioning and a limited storage capacity in the PH and
VS systems. In turn, these impairments lead to deficits in basic learning and attention
abilities. Moreover, excessive levels of motor activity serve as a compensatory strategy to
increase cortical arousal need to improve WM performance and to meet the
environmental demands on central executive (CE) functioning. Notably, excessive motor
activity such as restlessness and fidgeting are not pathognomonic symptoms of ADHD,
and are often associated with other problems of psychopathology. For example, the
diagnostic criteria of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) includes restlessness as a
distinguishing symptom of the disorder. Furthermore, previous research indicates WM
deficits in storage and rehearsal components directly affect ruminations or anticipatory
processing associated with anxiety disorders. The topographical similarity of excessive
motor activity seen in both ADHD and anxiety disorders, as well as similar WM deficits,
may indicate a common relationship between WM deficits and increased motor activity
across psychopathology. However, to date, no studies have examined the possible
relationship between WM deficits and objectively measured motor activity associated
with anxiety. Consequently, the current study examined objectively measured motor
activity associated with the WM system in adults with ADHD, adults with GAD, and healthy control (HC) adults.
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Lea, S. E. (2013). An examination of the role of working memory demands on objectively measured motor activity in adult ADHD, GAD, and healthy control groups. Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (AAT 10189044)